Found this very helpful thread:
http://www.bmwland.co.uk/forums/viewtopi...17&t=86838
Hope it helps it helped me.
1. The air mass system consists of several component groups that ensure the optimum fresh air supply to the engine at every operating point. Malfunctions in these component groups cause a variety of disturbances in driving operation, for example lack of power, black smoke, etc.
The air mass system test runs an overall check of the air mass system and thus allows clear pinpointing of the cause of the fault to the defective component group.
Component groups of the air mass system
The air mass system consists of:
Charge-air-pressure sensor
Intake Air Temperature Sensor
Air-mass flow sensor
The exhaust-gas recirculation controller comprises the EGR valve, pressure transducer, pneumatic and electrical activation of the pressure transducer
The charge-air pressure actuator comprises the turbocharger with adjustment, pressure transducer, pneumatic and electrical activation of the pressure transducer
Swirl flaps (in all series except for X5), in cars as of 03/2000 with automatic gearbox
Air filter, air hoses, pipes, charge air cooler, exhaust system, etc.
Mass Air Flow Sensor (Diesel)
The mass air flow sensor measures the mass of fresh air drawn in by the engine.
The air mass serves as a measurement variable for following functions:
Exhaust gas recirculation
Calculating limitation volume
Function:
The DDE control unit supplies the mass air flow sensor with :
battery voltage
supply voltage 5 V
ground
Depending on the mass of fresh air drawn in, the mass air flow sensor returns a measurement voltage signal to the DDE control unit. This measurement voltage is converted into air mass with the units mg/stroke/cylinder.
Troubleshooting
Fault code 0100 "mass air flow sensor" is stored if the mass air flow sensor is defective and a substitute characteristic curve is used in the DDE control unit.
Consequence:
Exhaust gas recirculation is deactivated
Deactivation of boost pressure control
Volume limitation to 32 mm^3/stroke/cylinder
Output of a substitute value dependent on engine speed
Intake Air Temperature Sensor (Diesel)
The intake air temperature sensor is integrated in the air mass meter and measures the temperature of the fresh air drawn in by the engine.
The intake air temperature serves as a measurement variable for the following functions:
Injection rate control
Rail pressure control
EGR control
Charge-air-pressure control
Preheater time control
Function
The DDE control unit supplies the intake air temperature sensors with voltage and ground as follows:
battery voltage
supply voltage 5 V
ground
Depending on the air temperature, the intake air temperature sensor returns a measurement voltage signal to the DDE control unit.
Troubleshooting
Fault code 0110 �intake air temperature sensor� is stored if the mass air flow sensor is defective and a substitute value is used in the DDE control unit.
Boost Pressure Sensor (Diesel)
The boost pressure sensor registers the absolute pressure (boost pressure and atmospheric pressure together) in the exhaust system and serves as a measured value generator or boost pressure control.
The boost pressure sensor is mounted directly on the intake air manifold and sealed off with an O-ring. The DDE control unit supplies the sensor with ground and a voltage of 5 V.
The pressure is picked up by a hole in the sensor and a corresponding measurement voltage is sent to the DDE control unit.
Troubleshooting
If the boost pressure sensor is defective, fault code 0235 "boost pressure control" is stored.
Consequences:
The atmospheric pressure is used as the substitute value for full load limitation
The injection volume is limited
Exhaust gas recirculation is deactivated
Boost pressure control is deactivated
Boost Pressure Control (Diesel)
A turbocharger with variable turbine geometry and without a wastegate is used for boost pressure control. It is operated by means of an adjustment lever on the turbine housing. The adjustment lever is connected by means of a control rod to the vacuum unit on the turbocharger such that the control rod is extended and retracted corresponding to the vacuum applied.
Components
Turbocharger with variable turbine geometry
Vacuum unit with control rod
Pressure converter
Function
The pressure converter links the vacuum unit with the vacuum supply by means of hoses and, depending on the activation status, it switches a variable vacuum to the vacuum unit controlled by the DDE control unit. In this way, the control rod is set in the required position. The pressure converter is activated by a square-wave signal with duty factors (= variable pulse width) between 5 and 95 %.
Checking variable turbine geometry
Maximum stroke of control rod: 10 mm
The control rod must be fully RETRACTED (= maximum boost pressure) at 650 mbar vacuum applied at the vacuum unit.
The control rod must be fully EXTENDED (= minimum boost pressure) at 0 mbar vacuum applied at the vacuum unit.
Troubleshooting
Fault code 1E30 "Boost pressure control" is stored in the event of impermissible control deviation or fault "Short/open circuit".
Consequences:
Boost pressure control is deactivated
Exhaust gas recirculation is deactivated
In the event of a control deviation in the boost pressure, the injection volume is limited and a substitute value is output for the boost pressure.
Boost pressure control is also deactivated if following faults occur:
Fault code 0400: Exhaust gas recirculation (positive control deviation)
Fault code 0235: Boost pressure sensor
Fault code 0335: Crankshaft speed
Fault code 0120: Pedal position sensor 1
Fault code 0220: Pedal position sensor 2
Fault code 0100: Air mass meter
Fault code 1E25: RPM sensor monitoring
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Depending on the operating status, a certain quantity of exhaust gas is returned via the EGR valve into the exhaust tract in order to reduce pollutant emission.
Components
EGR valve with vacuum unit
Pressure converter
Exhaust line
Function
The pressure converter connects the vacuum unit with the vacuum supply by means of hoses. Depending on the activation status and controlled by the DDE control unit, it switches a variable vacuum to the vacuum unit. The pressure converter is activated by a square-wave signal with duty factors (= variable pulse width) between 5 and 95 %.
Control
The quantity of recirculated exhaust gas influences the mass of the fresh air drawn in: The more exhaust gas is recirculated, the less fresh air is drawn in. Since the mass of fresh air drawn in is known for all operating points with the EGR switched off, the reduction in the mass of fresh air caused by exhaust gas recirculation can be used as a measure for the quantity of recirculated exhaust gas. For the purpose of exhaust gas recirculation control, a set fresh air mass is defined in a characteristic map with following influencing variables for all operating conditions:
Engine speed
Injection volume
Coolant temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Intake air temperature
Reduction in exhaust gas recirculation by idle operation for longer than 20 s
The current setting for exhaust gas recirculation matching (service functions) is an additional influencing variable.
During operation, the quantity of recirculated exhaust gas is controlled by the duty factor at the pressure converter such that the set mass of fresh air defined for the specific operating point is drawn in. Fault code 0400 "exhaust gas recirculation (control deviation)" is stored if the control unit detects impermissible deviation between the set and actual fresh air mass.
The status of exhaust gas recirculation can be read out of the control unit. The status indicates whether EGR control is active or whether it has been deactivated due to one of the conditions listed below. The status is EGR = 0 if the EGR control is active. Refer to the list below for the statuses when EGR is deactivated. The highest status is output if there are several reasons for EGR activation.
Exhaust gas recirculation is switched off when:
Coolant temperature < 16 °C or > 100 °C (status EGR = 11 or 12)
Engine speed < 600 rpm or > 2700 rpm (status EGR = 8, 13 or 15)
Required volume > 36 mm^3 (status EGR = 7)
Atmospheric pressure < 880 mbar (status EGR = 10)
Battery voltage < 9 V (status EGR = 6)
Starting engine (status EGR = 9)
Coasting (status EGR = 4 or 14)
Engine idling for longer than 15 min (status EGR = 2)
and if following faults occur:
Fault code 0105: Atmospheric pressure sensor (status EGR = 5)
Fault code 0400: Exhaust gas recirculation control (status EGR = 1 or 5)
Fault code 0115: Coolant temperature sensor (status EGR = 5)
Fault code 0100: Mass air flow sensor (status EGR = 5)
Fault code 0235: Charge pressure sensor (status EGR = 5)
Fault code 1E30: Charger control (control deviation) (status EGR = 5)
And finally
Swirl flap control (Diesel)
The controllable swirl flaps are located in the intake pipe and are closed or opened depending on the operating status. The flaps are closed at engine speeds below approx. 2000 rpm and injection volume below 30 mm^3.
Function
The pressure converter connects the vacuum unit with the vacuum supply by means of hoses. When activated by the DDE control unit, the changeover valve switches vacuum to the vacuum unit thus operating the control rod and closing the swirl flaps. The control rod is up against the rear stop when the swirl flaps are open.
Troubleshooting
Fault code 1A22 "Swirl flaps" is stored if a defect occurs in the activation of the pressure converter.
Effects of faults
Swirl flaps stick in open position: Deterioration in exhaust gas characteristics in lower speed ranges otherwise no effect.
Swirl flaps stick in closed position: Power loss of approx. 10 % at higher engine speeds.
After all it is a Diesel